Reverse osmosis (RO) desalination is a treatment process for production of fresh, low- salinity
potable water from saline water source (seawater or brackish water) via membrane separation. The
mineral/salt content of the water is usually measured by the water quality parameter named total
dissolved solids (TDS), concentration of which is expressed in milligrams per liter (mg/L), or
parts per thousand (ppt). The World Health Organization and the United Sates Environmental
Protection Agency (US EPA) under the Safe Drinking Water Act have established a maximum TDS
concentration of 500 mg/L as a potable water standard. This TDS level can be used as a
classification limit to define potable (fresh) water.
Typically, water of TDS concentration higher than 500 mg/L and lower or equal to 15,000 mg/L (15
ppt) is classified as brackish. Natural water sources such as sea, bay and ocean waters which
have TDS concentration higher than 15,000 mg/L are generally classified as seawater.
Reverse Osmosis is very effective in treating brackish, surface and ground water for both large
and small flows applications. Some examples of industries that use RO water include
pharmaceutical, boiler feed water, food and beverage, metal finishing and semiconductor
manufacturing to name a few.
Reverse Osmosis is an effective and proven technology to produce water that is suitable for many
industrial applications that require demineralized or deionized water. Further post treatment
after the RO system such as mixed bed deionization can increase the quality of the RO permeate
and make it suitable for the most demanding applications. Proper pre-treatment and monitoring of
an RO system is crucial to preventing costly repairs and unscheduled maintenance. With the
correct system design, maintenance program, and experienced service support, your RO system
should provide many years of high purity water.
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